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An interconnection network is a network topology that is defined to provide a certain level of connectivity based on a pre-defined algorithm. The process of defining a network topology in terms of an algorithm is referred to as designing a network. The components in a network are referred to as nodes or links or linksets. The network topology is defined in terms of the set of nodes, links, or linksets that occupy a particular space. This space is the topological configuration of the laid out network and consists of wires, and/or planes, and/or volumes. The interconnection network is an arrangement of links that joins end nodes, forming a communications path between the end nodes. The input and output links of an end node is the links that are connected to another end node. Any node may have multiple links that can be used to connect to another node. Nodes and links are represented by nodes and edges in graphs. The well-known wiring networks such as circular, star, triangle, and tree are examples of abstract representation of a network. The cost or metric associated with an edge is based on a number of attributes taken into consideration during the layout process. Once the interconnection network is designed or optimized, it is represented as a graph whose nodes are the end nodes of the communication path and the links are the communication paths.
Design and optimization of clustered multiprocessor systems presents a number of new and challenging problems, because of the complex interactions between components, and the number of performance and quality of service objectives, in addition to cost and power goals. The nature of the problems of system design are further complicated when an application with a large number of parallel processes or threads running on a multiprocessor must be designed. Most of the known design optimization techniques will not work for clustered systems.
Congestion control is a global access management protocol whose primary function is to control the access of packets into a network node by allowing only the packets for which the node can meet a minimum link-probability of transmission commitment. Congestion control criteria can be classified as path delay criteria, packet drop criteria, or reliability criteria. In this chapter, we discuss packet drop criteria. d2c66b5586