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The pandemic has brought about the increased usage of PPCPs such as antibiotics and disinfectants, which could pose consequent risks to the environment and non-target organisms or wildlife. Drugs used as therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 infection such as hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and ritonavir have a two-fold increase in their usage (Aitken 2020). Also, the occurrence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes the COVID-19 disease, in wastewater streams poses a great challenge to wastewater treatment management. Bandala et al. had done a critical review on this aspect along with relevant associated technologies that could help address the issue (Bandala et al. 2021).
The World Health Organization, in a report, has assessed that sectors like the pharmaceutical industry struggle to maintain natural market flow during pandemics, which leads to inaccessibility of essential medicines at affordable prices (WHO 2003). Disruption in the supply chain is felt by countries that are heavily dependent on the importation of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Take for example Iran, which imports 50% of its active pharmaceutical ingredient requirements (Cheraghali 2017) was impacted during the current pandemic. Ayati et al. Described an impressive COVID-19 impact on the pharmaceutical market and suggested evidence-based planning to overcome the challenges (Ayati et al. 2020). Many regulatory authorities have confirmed a shortage of prescribed medicines for hospitalized patients suffering from COVID-19 infection. For example, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, albuterol metered-dose inhalers, and some other sedation medications were listed to be in shortage in the USA due to their high demand in association with COVID-19 treatment (Bookwalter 2021). Also, some of the countries which import non-COVID-19 related drugs, such as pain relievers, had experienced delays due to the delivery priority of urgently needed medicines. These disruptions can lead to a slow-down of industry growth, supply chain, and long-term impact on the health and pharmaceutical market. 59ce067264
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