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Stress at the time of set is the result of the aggregate particlesinside the concrete. Aggregate particles are often cemented together with cement paste. The cementing ofaggregate particles causes compression in the area around the aggregate. This compressivestress causes the concrete to compact. The compressive stress also causes the cementto shrink. The shrinkage of cement causes the concrete to contract or expand. Thecontracting can cause the concrete to crack or form spalls. This strain causes formore typically in areas near the aggregate particles. In other areas of the concrete, theexpansion can cause the concrete to crack. If the cracking is in the pavement, it is termed as anexpansion cracking. A contraction cracking is also possible.
Concrete fabricationshould be designed to mitigate the stresses associated with the slab build-inproperty. If the slab joints are cut at an optimal time, the slab will be in a minimum amountof stress, and the cracking will be minimized. The pavement's longevity depends on thecombination of the pavement's strength and the pavement's moisture content.
The flexural strength of theconcrete primarily determines the ability of the concrete to resist transverse cracking. A reduction of 50 percent in the flexural strength of the concrete is a threshold beyond which the concrete can no longer be considered to be a good design.(43)
The pavement structure design also affects transverse cracking. The vertical placement of reinforcement in the slab has a direct effect on the early-age stress distribution.(41) Pavement slabs with a thicker deck reinforcement are less likely to produce transversecracking during the first several years of construction.
The thickness of the slab deck also hasa significant effect on the long-term deformation and transverse cracking potential of thepavement.(28) Slabs with thicker decks resist deformation and have less potential to form transversecracks. Thicker decks are more difficult to plan and place due to the extra thickness and weight of the slab. A thicker slab increases the cost of theproject and must be backed up by adequate design and construction documents. Mostdesign teams limit the slab thickness to 6 in. or less to reduce the project costs and increase the ease ofthe design and construction process.
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